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(a) Consider a hierarchical page table implementation where the size a page is 4 KiB (4096 Bytes), and the size of each page table is limited also to a 4 KiB page. Assuming 4 Byte PTEs, how many layers do we need to be able to address a 32-bit address space?

(b) In the hierarchical page table introduced above, how much memory space would the page table require, if a process is only using 32 MB of contiguous memory?

(c) Copy-on-write is a method that drastically reduces the memory copy overhead during process fork. What flags should the PTE have, to support copy-on-write? (Select all that applies)

1 Valid 2 Dirty 3 Read only 4 Memory resident 5 Executable